The Gulfstream G100, aforetime accepted as the Astra SPX, is an Israel Aircraft Industries-manufactured twin-engine business jet, now produced for Gulfstream Aerospace. The United States Air Force appellation for the G100 is C-38 Courier.
Design and development
Astra acquired from the Rockwell Jet Commander aircraft, for which IAI had purchased the accomplishment authorization in 1968, and the IAI Westwind.The Astra addition architecture was adapted and with a absolutely fresh assembly created the Galaxy (later the Gulfstream G200) business jet during the 1990s.[1]
Work on an bigger Westwind began in the aboriginal 1980s, with the aboriginal ancestor flight on 19 March 1984. The aboriginal assembly Astra flew in March 1985, FAA acceptance came in August 1985 and chump deliveries started in 1986.
The aboriginal 1125 Astra was replaced in by the Astra SP, appear in 1989 of which 37 were built. The third variant, Astra SPX, flew in August 1994. This alternative was renamed G100 from September 2002 afterward Gulfstream's accretion of Galaxy Aerospace, which captivated the Astra certifications, in May 2001. IAI builds G100s in Israel and again flies the completed airframes to the United states for autogenous outfitting.
In September 2002 Gulfstream appear the bigger G150, based on the G100. This fresh alternative was due in 2005.
The C-38 Courier is currently in use by the United States Air Force with the 201st Airlift Squadron at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland. The C-38 has replaced the beforehand C-21 Learjet. The C-38 differs from the accepted Gulfstream G100, featuring US military-grade GPS, Tactical Air Navigation, UHF and VHF defended command radio, and Identification acquaintance or foe system.
General characteristics
* Payload: 3,291 lb (1,496 kg)
* Length: 55 ft 7 in (16.96 m)
* Wingspan: 54 ft 7 in (16.64 m)
* Height: 18 ft 2 in (5.54 m)
* Empty weight: 14,400 lb (6,531 kg)
* Loaded weight: 24,800 lb (11,249 kg)
* Useful load: 885 lb (401 kg)
* Max ascent weight: 24,650 lb (11,181 kg)
* Powerplant: 2× Honeywell TFE731-40R-200G turbofans, 4,250 lbs () each
Performance
* Never beat speed: Mach .875
* Maximum speed: 472 kts
* Cruise speed: 460 kts
* Range: 2,700 / 2,950 mi (IFR/VFR) (5,465 / 6,034 km)
The Embraer Legacy 500 is a business jet actuality developed by Brazilian aircraft architect Embraer.
Design and development
Initially alleged the MSJ (Mid-Size Jet) Concept at NBAA 2007, the Legacy 500 was clearly launched at EBACE in 2008, forth with its abate sibling, the Legacy 450. It can be configured to backpack amid 8 and 10 passengers. It can backpack 8 cartage over 2,800 abyssal afar (5,190 km), or four cartage over 3,000 abyssal afar (5,600 km). First flight is appointed for 2011 and access into account in backward 2012.
The Embraer Legacy 450 is a business jet actuality developed by Brazilian aircraft architect Embraer.
Design and development
Launched as a abstraction alleged the MLJ (Mid-Light Jet) at the NBAA Convention in 2007, the Legacy 450 (and its big brother the Legacy 500) were clearly launched at EBACE in May 2008. It is advised to backpack 7 to 8 cartage over 2,300 abyssal afar (4,300 km). The aircraft has abounding fly-by-wire flight controls, a Collins ProLine Fusion flight deck, Honeywell HF7500 alternation engines, and a abounding angle up collapsed attic cabin. First flight is appointed for 2012, and access into account is in backward 2013.
The Dassault Falcon 50 is a French-built cool mid-sized, all-embracing accumulated jet, featuring a three jet agent blueprint with an S-duct axial engine. It has the aforementioned assembly cantankerous area and agnate accommodation as the beforehand Falcon 20 but is a absolutely fresh design, with as able-bodied as the third engine, a added avant-garde addition architecture and acclimation with the Area rule.[2]
The aboriginal ancestor flew on 7 November 1976, with French airworthiness acceptance on 27 February 1979, followed by US Federal Aviation Administration acceptance on 7 March 1979.[2]
The Falcon 50 was after replaced by the Falcon 50EX, the aboriginal of which flew in 1996,[3] and the aftermost of which was delivered in 2008. The Falcon 50EX appearance bigger engines and added enhancements to accord added ambit improvements to an already gangling jet. It charcoal a actual accepted accumulated jet for its long-range, luxury, and for the acceptance of cachet for owning a fast three-engined jet.
The aftermost Falcon 50EX was bogus in backward 2007 and delivered in aboriginal 2008.
Successors of the Falcon 50 are the Falcon 7X[5] and the Falcon 900 featuring a beyond assembly and the aforementioned three-engine arrangement. Dassault Falcon appear in January 2008 what is about a backup aircraft for the Falcon 50, codenamed the "SMS" (Super Mid Size). The basal architecture process, including agent baddest was declared to be completed by the aboriginal 2009. However, in a June 2009 columnist conference, CEO Charles Edelstenne said that all architecture choices had been reopened and the ambition was entended to the end of the year.
Dassault and Aviation Partners Inc. accept appear that High Mach Blended Winglets are actuality developed for the Falcon 50 as a retrofit kit.
The Cessna Citation Sovereign (Cessna Model 680 Sovereign) is an American mid-size business jet developed by Cessna. It is currently the additional better affiliate of the Citation artefact line, with alone the Citation X actuality larger. The Sovereign is advised a transcontinental aircraft and is acclimated primarily for accumulated travel.
Design and development
In the backward 1990s, Cessna saw the charge for a high-performance jet amid amid the Excel/XLS admeasurement and the Citation X. The aftereffect was the Model 680 Citation Sovereign, powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW306C turbofan engines with FADEC controls. It uses the Honeywell Primus Epic bottle cockpit avionics suite, accompanying with bifold Honeywell FMZ2000 FMS units. Its affirmation to acclaim is that it can booty off and acreage in abbreviate distances, acknowledgment to a moderately swept aerial aspect arrangement wing, and (when light) 92 bond Vref speed. It was aboriginal apparent to the accessible in 1998 at the NBAA exhibition in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Sovereign seats eight cartage in a archetypal berth configuration, with a best high-density accommodation of 12, in accession to the aggregation of two.
First flight of the Sovereign took abode in February, 2002, with FAA acceptance awarded in June, 2004. Customer deliveries began after that year.
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Capacity: 8-12 passengers
* Payload: 2,680 lb (1,216 kg)
* Length: 63 ft 6 in (19.37 m)
* Wingspan: 63 ft 1 in (19.24 m)
* Height: 20 ft 4 in (6.2 m)
* Empty weight: 17,700 lb (8,029 kg)
* Useful load: 12,430 lb (5,638 kg)
* Max ascent weight: 30,300 lb (13,743 kg)
* Powerplant: 2× Pratt & Whitney Canada PW306C turbofans, 5686 lbs (2580 kg) each
The Cessna Citation Excel (Model 560XL) is a turbofan-powered small-to-medium sized business jet congenital by the Cessna Aircraft Company in Wichita, Kansas, USA. The Citation cast of business jets encompasses six audible families of aircraft. The Excel, the Citation XLS, and the Citation XLS+ are one of these families.
Design and development
With the success of Cessna's high-end Citation X, the architect saw a bazaar for an aircraft with the X's appearance but aimed at the acceptable Citation market, area it chiefly competes with accompanying turboprop aircraft. Rather than actuality a absolute alternative of addition Citation airframe, the Excel was a aggregate of technologies and designs. To aftermath the Excel, Cessna took the X's wide, actor berth fuselage, beneath it by about 21 anxiety (6.4 m) and akin it with an bedraggled addition utilizing a supercritical airfoil (based on the Citation V Ultra's wing) and a Citation V's tail.
To ability the aircraft, Cessna chose the a fresh Pratt & Whitney Canada turbofan, the PW545A. As a result, the Excel has the roomiest berth in its chic of ablaze accumulated jets and can bench up to 10 cartage (in high-density configuration; about the cardinal is six to eight in a accumulated configuration), while actuality aureate by a aggregation of two.
Cessna Model 560XL Citation XLS taxis for ascent at Manchester Airport, England
The activity was appear at the anniversary NBAA assemblage in October, 1994, and the ancestor aircraft took off on its aboriginal flight on February 29, 1996. By the time FAA acceptance was accepted in April 1998, Cessna had over 200 orders for the aircraft. By the time the 100th Excel was delivered in August 2000, the Wichita assembly band was bearing an aircraft every three days. By the time the aircraft was abolished by the Citation XLS, a absolute of 308 had been built.[2] The Excel has had an aberrant assurance record, with alone 5 accidents on record, none of which complex fatalities.
The Citation XLS was the aboriginal "makeover" that the Excel received. Besides a bottle cockpit based on the Honeywell Primus 1000 EFIS avionics suite, the XLS featured the upgraded PW545B engines with added performance.
Cessna upgraded the aircraft afresh to the Citation XLS+, or artlessly "Plus" configuration, with the admittance of FADEC agent controls, bigger PW545C engines, and a absolutely revised adenoids architecture agnate to that begin on the Citation Sovereign and Citation X. The Citation XLS+ is the aboriginal of the XL band to affection Collins Pro Band 21 Avionics and a four tube EFIS affectation as against to the three tube Honeywell displays in the XL and XLS.
The Citation X is the fastest civilian aircraft in the sky, canoeing aloof shy of the complete barrier at Mach .92. To date, Citation Xs accept aureate the agnate of four trips to the sun. They've taken off and landed about 1 actor times. And every day, their boilerplate continuance in the air is the accomplished in the absolute Citation fleet. Clearly, the X has becoming its acumen as one of business aviation's busiest, best and best admired aircraft.
The development of the Citation X was aboriginal appear at the National Business Aviation Association Convention in Fresh Orleans in October 1990. Originally appointed for August 1995, the acceptance of the Cessna Citation X was delayed several times. First, abortion of the airframe and agent to accommodated Federal Aviation Administration requirements acquired the planned acceptance date cessation to backward November 1995. The capital adjournment affidavit were troubles amalgam the avionics and the agent to the aircraft, high-altitude and low-speed agent blaze out (high accession advance angles acquired bereft airflow), engines not affair the bird bang criteria, and directional adherence challenges. Efforts to access the best abandonment weight of the Citation X by about 800 pounds afresh delayed the FAA acceptance schedule, this time to April 1996. These changes were aimed at allowing a full-fuel burden of 1,400 pounds (seven passengers), but Cessna had adversity accomplishing a antithesis amid abbreviation Citation X berth babble and aspersing the added weight of sound-dampening materials. The certification, FAA FAR Part 25, Amendment 74, Acceptance 3, was assuredly accomplished on June 3, 1996.
The aboriginal Citation X was delivered in June 1996 to golfer and adept Cessna chump Arnold Palmer. Already in use, the Citation X connected to set acceleration records. Arnold Palmer set one of them in September 1997: 473 knots (876 km/h) on a 5,000 km bankrupt course. In February 1997, the Citation X architecture aggregation was awarded the National Aeronautic Association's Robert J. Collier Trophy. The Citation X was accustomed by Transport Canada on May 22, 1998, and by the European Joint Aviation Authorities in 1999. In October 2000, Cessna appear an advancement for all Citation Xs to be delivered afterwards January 1, 2002. The capital characteristics of this upgraded adaptation are a 5% access in thrust, a 400 lb (180 kg) access in best abandonment weight and bigger Honeywell avionics.
When the Citation X was announced, the Citation 650 series, the "family" at the top of the artefact line, which includes the Citations III, VI, and VII, was eight years old. In 1990, Cessna fabricated a hypothesis for an bigger 650 archetypal to their Chump Advisory Council. The board was absorbed in some fresh elements such as added acceleration and a pressurized accoutrements compartment. This pushed Cessna against the Citation X program, which became the fresh 750 series.
Moreover, Cessna capital to advance the angel of the Citation family. The Citation models that emerged in the 1970s were originally advised to be applied and with acceptable administration qualities. Consequently, they angry out to be abundant slower than the aggressive Learjets. Cessna had difficulties in address of the accepted angel of the Citation as a apathetic airplane, alike admitting their jets had eventually become as fast as the competition.
Design
Despite Cessna's continued history of architecture business jets and the cardinal of aircraft in the Citation family, the Citation X was in abounding means a absolutely fresh aircraft. The wing, tail, appendage cone, gear, and systems are advised from blemish and not based on above-mentioned aircraft. The Citation X is additionally the aboriginal aircraft from Cessna to use a Rolls-Royce agent and absolutely chip avionics. Although the Citation X may attending agnate to its predecessors, it is about absolutely composed of fresh parts. Part commonality is bound to some cockpit controls, the windshield, and the appendage ablaze bulb. The burden bulkhead is additionally agnate to antecedent designs. The Citation X has the above assembly bore as the Citations VI and VII; however, the accession adapter to the assembly is altered from the adapter in any antecedent Citation.
The aircraft incorporates a cardinal of avant-garde architecture features. One aspect that is generally aboriginal noticed is the ample bore of the agent intakes. This feature, accompanying to the aerial bypass arrangement turbofan, reduces the babble from the engines and improves ammunition efficiency. Another accessible appropriate is the awful swept accession with a supercritical airfoil, acclimated in adjustment to access the analytical Mach cardinal and accordingly the top speed. The Citation X has 37 degrees of sweepback at the division chord, added than any added business jet and, amid noncombatant aircraft, additional alone to the Boeing 747's 37.5 degrees. The accumbent and vertical stabilizers are additionally awful swept and are abiding in a T-tail configuration.
Airframe
A cogent bulk of accomplishment throughout the architecture action was directed appear abbreviation the Citation X's absolute drag. The consistent architecture includes an area-ruled assembly for able transonic flight, and the above awful swept supercritical wing. The Citation X's accession is slung beneath the assembly rather than casual through it. This allows added aggregate in the fuselage, a jumpsuit wing, and simplified wing-fuselage connections.
Engines
The Citation X is powered by two Rolls-Royce AE 3007C1 engines, anniversary with a advance of 6700 lbf (30 kN), pod-mounted on the abandon of the rear fuselage. It is the aboriginal Cessna aircraft to be powered by a Rolls-Royce engine. The agent has solid titanium blades and a three-stage airy turbine. The engine's fan has a 5 to 1 bypass arrangement for bigger ammunition ability and low acoustic signature..
Powered controls
Another aboriginal for Cessna is the admittance of powered controls in the Citation X. The controls are powered by dual-hydraulic systems for redundancy. There are two elevators and the tailplane is all-moving for trim. The adviser is in two pieces: the lower allocation is hydraulically-powered and the aerial allocation is electrically powered. Anniversary accession has bristles addle-brain panels, to be acclimated both for cycle ascendancy (in accession to the ailerons) and as acceleration brakes. One of the above challenges of the Citation X architecture was award abundant amplitude in the accession to run all the all-important hydraulic lines. As Paul Kalberer, the arch architect of the Citation X program, explained, the Citation X needs aloof as abounding hydraulic pumps and actuators as a Boeing aircraft, but has abundant beneath amplitude central the wings.
Avionics
Honeywell provides the avionics arrangement for the bottle cockpit. The Honeywell Primus 2000 EFIS flight administrator arrangement is composed of bristles 7"x8" CRT screens. Dual flight administration systems with GPS are standard.
Speed
The Cessna Citation X is the fastest noncombatant aircraft currently actuality flown, attaining Mach .92. The supersonic Concorde and Tupolev Tu-144 are no best in use. The proposed Gulfstream G650 is planned to top the Citation X's acceleration almanac by .005 Mach. However, the Citation X will achieve the acceleration almanac already the fresh winglets are installed. [2]
Egg-shaped Winglets
In 2008, Winglet Technology, with the advice of Cessna, began flight testing epoxy/graphite egg-shaped winglets on a Citation X. Flight testing was advancing achievement in backward 2008, with FAA added blazon acceptance accepted in 2009. The winglets access ambit by 150 nm, lower ammunition bake by 4-5%, access hot and aerial achievement as able-bodied as ascend rate, allowing a ascend to FL430 in 22 minutes, as against to 26 account after the modification. Ascend to FL450 at best ascent weight is accessible after a footfall climb.[3] Cruise acceleration at distance is accepted to access by 15 knots, and best ascent weight will access by 1200 lbs (545 kg). Excluding installation, the kit's projected amount is $395,000.[4]
